Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Legume Systems Research
Project final reports.
August 01, 2021
Article from the August 2021 Newsletter.
Selection and Release of Climate Resilient Common Bean Germplasm for the Highlands and Dry Corridor of Central America
Led by dr. phil mcclean, north dakota state university.
This project, Selection and Release of Climate Resilient Common Bean Germplasm for the Highlands and Dry Corridor of Central America, was a short continuation of the USAID Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Collaborative Research on Grain Legumes Legume Innovation Lab project that focused on the expansion of the Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Agrícolas (ICTA) bean breeding program. The advanced generation lines that led to the two varieties were developed during the Legume Innovation Lab and were released during this project.
Release Event The release event of the ICTA Patriarca varieties was held at the ICTA Experimental Center in San Geronimo. This center is located in the “Dry Corridor” region of Guatemala, the target region for which the variety was bred. A total of 250 five-pound bags of seed were distributed to attendees. Over subsequent months, seed was distributed individual to growers on demand.
Selection of Advanced Bruchid Resistant Lines A total of 23 advanced lines with previously determined high levels of bruchid resistant damage were field tested along with two control lines. Three advanced lines were selected for advanced generation trials that have continued since the termination of this project.
Did you find this article useful?
new - method size: 3 - Random key: 0, method: tagSpecific - key: 0
You Might Also Be Interested In
Sustainable Insect Pest Management for Cowpea in West Africa
Strategy white paper.
Published on April 20, 2021
Welcome from the Director
Published on September 12, 2018
Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Legume Systems Research Announces Request for Concept Notes: Area of Inquiry 2
Published on May 28, 2019
MSU awarded $13.6 million from USAID to lead global legume research
Awards presented at lil grain legume research conference.
Published on October 19, 2017
Final report on Research project supported by TNLA, Research ...
- pssc.ttu.edu
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
- More documents
- Similar magazines
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Final</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>project</strong> <strong>supported</strong> <strong>by</strong> <strong>TNLA</strong>, <strong>Research</strong> & Educati<strong>on</strong> Foundati<strong>on</strong> Project Title: December 15, 2006 Determining Plant Water Use and Crop Coefficients of Nursery and Landscape Plants Principal Investigators: Genhua Niu (Project leader) 1 , Raul I. Cabrera 2 , Cynthia McKenney 2 and Wayne A. Mackay 2 1 Texas Agricultural Experiment Stati<strong>on</strong>, Texas A&M University System, 1380 A&M Circle, El Paso, TX 79927 Ph<strong>on</strong>e: 915-859-9111 Fax:915-859-1078 E-mail: [email protected] 2 Texas Agricultural Experiment Stati<strong>on</strong>, Texas A&M University System, 17360 Coit Rd., Dallas Texas 75252 Ph<strong>on</strong>e: 972-952-9249 Fax: 972-952-9216 Background Landscape irrigati<strong>on</strong> in Texas may account for 40 to 60% of total residential water use during May through October. Due to limited fresh water supplies and the high water usage, many municipalities in Texas promote the use of drought tolerant, low-water use plant species. However, recent studies have showed that irrigati<strong>on</strong> management rather than plant species selecti<strong>on</strong> was the key to reduced irrigati<strong>on</strong> of landscapes. Growers, landscapers and homeowners are probably unaware of plant water needs and frequently over-water them. Current available plant lists categorized <strong>by</strong> water use provided <strong>by</strong> cooperative extensi<strong>on</strong> services and other organizati<strong>on</strong>s are largely based <strong>on</strong> anecdotal observati<strong>on</strong>s. Also, these publicati<strong>on</strong>s and lists do not provide users with quantitative informati<strong>on</strong> about how much water and when they need to apply to their nursery and landscape plants. In additi<strong>on</strong>, intensive agricultural operati<strong>on</strong>s such as nurseries and greenhouses are also facing water shortages. While the majority of plants are produced in various-sized c<strong>on</strong>tainers, it is largely unknown how much water a c<strong>on</strong>tainer-grown plant requires for maximum growth and aesthetic value. Therefore, research is needed to determine the actual water use of comm<strong>on</strong>ly used nursery and landscape plants in order to improve irrigati<strong>on</strong> and water use efficiency. Potential evapotranspirati<strong>on</strong> (ET 0 ), which is the evapotranspirati<strong>on</strong> (ET) of a reference crop, such as alfalfa or grass, modified <strong>by</strong> appropriate crop coefficient, is comm<strong>on</strong>ly used to increase the irrigati<strong>on</strong> efficiency for agr<strong>on</strong>omic crops and turfgrass. However, little informati<strong>on</strong> is available for ornamental plants. Evapotranspirati<strong>on</strong> or water use is locati<strong>on</strong> dependent. Therefore, data obtained in multiple locati<strong>on</strong> (in this case, El Paso and Dallas) may be more useful for recommendati<strong>on</strong>. The objectives for this <strong>project</strong> are to determine and compare water use and crop coefficient of staple and commercially important nursery and landscape plants in two locati<strong>on</strong>s: Dallas and El Paso, Texas. For 2006, we selected representative herbaceous perennials for this study (Table 1).
- Page 2 and 3: Materials and Methods Dallas. Liner
- Page 4 and 5: Conclusion Plant water use was infl
- Page 6 and 7: 50 45 Growth Index Cover area 1500
Extended embed settings
Inappropriate
You have already flagged this document. Thank you, for helping us keep this platform clean. The editors will have a look at it as soon as possible.
Mail this publication
Delete template.
Are you sure you want to delete your template?
For this magazine there is no download available
Magazine: Final report on Research project supported by TNLA, Research ...
Save as template?
- Help & Support
- tuxbrain.com
- ooomacros.org
- nubuntu.org
- Terms of service
- Privacy policy
- Cookie policy
- Cookie settings
Choose your language
Main languages
Further languages
- Bahasa Indonesia
Performing this action will revert the following features to their default settings:
Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.
Saved successfully!
Ooh no, something went wrong!
- Iniciar sesión
- Registrarse
Hemos actualizado nuestra política de privacidad. Haga clic aquí para revisar los detalles. Pulse aquí para revisar los detalles
Active su período de prueba de 30 días gratis para desbloquear las lecturas ilimitadas.
Transport Research Project Final Report
Estás leyendo una previsualización.
Active su período de prueba de 30 días gratis para seguir leyendo.
Eche un vistazo a continuación
- Dirección de correo electrónico
Descargar para leer sin conexión
This report main aim is to analyze the environment of ship breaking industries in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan and how it impacts on the coastal regions. Furthermore, it also identifies how it can be improved for sustainable development through effective and efficient implementation of international conventions such as Basel and Hong Kong Convention (HKC)
Recomendado
Más Contenido Relacionado
Presentaciones para usted (9).
A los espectadores también les gustó (10)
Similares a Transport Research Project Final Report (20)
Más reciente (20)
- 1. 1 ON-CAMPUS STUDENTS ONLY AUSTRALIAN MARITIME COLLEGE Maritime and Logistics Management Assignment Cover Sheet Unit Name: Transport Research Project Assignment Title: Case study in Shipbreaking and Recycling Industries in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan Assignment No: 3 Lecturer: Dr. Quazi Sakalayen Due Date: 29th October 2015 Date Submitted: 29th October 2015 [Late submission of assignments may incur a penalty] Student Family Name: TIWARI Student ID Number: 216069 Student First Name: KARTIK Plagiarism Declaration: I declare that all material in this assignment is my own work except where There is clear acknowledgement or reference to the work of others and I Have complied and agreed to the University of Tasmania statement on Plagiarism and Academic Integrity on the University website at www.utas.edu.au/plagiarism Signed:________________________________ Date: 29th October___ Please complete this section but DO NOT detach: Student Family Name: TIWARI Student First Name: KARTIK Student ID Number: 216069 Unit Name: Transport Research Project Assignment Title: Case study in SBRIs in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan Assignment No: 3 Cleared from Assignment Box: OFFICE USE ONLY Cleared from Assignment Box:
- 2. A study on ship breaking Industry in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan for sustainable development (Transport Project Report) Student: Kartik Tiwari Student ID: 216069 Unit Co-ordinator: Dr. Quazi Sakalayen Unit Code: JNB359 Unit: Transport Research Project Course: Bachelor of Business (Maritime and Logistics Management) Due Date: 29th October Word Count: 5485
- 3. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Shipbreaking industry in developing nations has many social and environmental significance, particularly as ships contain hazardous substances in their structure. Under Australian Maritime College (AMC) major units, Transport Research Project aims to analyze and accept the impact of Bangladesh’s, India’s and Pakistan’s shipbreaking industry with an aspect to propose policy recommendation to address the current situation. The research work for this report would not have been successful without the support of stakeholders. First of all, I would like to thank NGO Shipbreaking Platform for its devoted support. Furthermore, I appreciate that Ship Recycling Industries Association of India and Bangladesh for letting the workers to help me with the survey during the working hours. I would like to show my grateful feeling for the patience shown by workers and for their valuable time. I extend my gratitude to Mrs. Patrizia Heidegger (Executive Director) and Mr. Nicola Mulinaris (Communications and Legal Advisor) of the NGO shipbreaking platform secretariat, Brussels. I also want to extend my gratitude to Muhammed Shahin Ali (Bangladesh Project Coordinator, NGO), Rupan (Crane operator, Bangladesh), Bharat Goyal (Crane operator, India), Diyora Dhaivat D talaja (worker, India) and Suresh (workers) for their valuable support of this research. Finally on top of all, Dr. Quazi Sakalayen is an easy going and open minded person, who is also a good friend to me. Without his encouragement I would not be able to finish my research project. Thank you very much sir (Dr. Quazi). Lastly, I want to thank all my friends who never stopped encouraging me which kept me motivated through the whole way.
- 4. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 iii DECLERATION STATEMENT 1 This project report contains no material which has been accepted for a degree or diploma by the Australian Maritime College, University of Tasmania or any other institution, except by way of background information and duly acknowledged in the report, and to the best of my knowledge and belief, no material previously published or written by another person except where due acknowledgement is made in the text of the report. Signed: Date: 29TH October, 2015 STATEMENT 2 This project report is the result of my own investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged in the text giving explicit references. A list of references is appended. Signed: Date: 29TH October, 2015 STATEMENT 3 I hereby give consent for my project report to be available for photocopying, inter-library loan, electronic access to AMC and UTAS staff and students via the UTAS Library, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed: Date: 29TH October, 2015
- 5. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 iv ABSTRACT This report main aim is to analyze the environment of ship breaking industries in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan and how it impacts on the coastal regions. Furthermore, it also identify how it can be improved for sustainable development through effective and efficient implementation of international conventions such as Basel and Hong Kong Convention (HKC). In this case study, chapter one examines the overall research background of Shipbreaking and Recycling Industries with research problem, objectives and questions. Chapter two analyzes the economic and legal framework of SBRIs in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan and presents the environment and working conditions. For the work and environment safety, Basel and HKC has been summarized as per United Nation Environmental Program (UNEP) and International Maritime Organization (IMO) respectively. However, on the basis of international conventions such as Basel and HKC, safety and security of workers were analyzed and the impact of SBRIs on coastal region were evaluated. Issues and gaps is summarized on the basis of coastal Zone management. Chapter three describes the research method for data collection which includes research design, scope, sampling strategy, methods and data analysis. However, data analysis and findings is summarized in the questionnaire response in tables and charts in chapter four. While performing the analysis it has contrasted and compared the situation of SBRIs in these countries. Chapter four also proposes recommendation for stakeholders with the assistance intervention for the sustainable development of SBRIs. Lastly, chapter five illustrates the implications and limitations with recommendation for future study.
- 6. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT................................................................................................................ii DECLERATION............................................................................................................................. iii ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................iv TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................. v LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................................vii LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................................ viii ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS........................................................................................ix GLOSSARY....................................................................................................................................... x CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................1 1.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND.................................................................................................... 1 1.2 RESEARCH PROBLEM............................................................................................................. 2 1.3 RESEARCH PROBLEM............................................................................................................. 3 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION............................................................................................................ 3 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................4 2.1 SBRIs IN BANGLADESH, INDIA AND PAKISTAN................................................................... 4 2.1.1 Sitakund SBRIs in Chittagong, Bangladesh .........................................................................................4 2.2.2 Alang SBRIs in Gujarat, India...................................................................................................................4 2.2.3 Gadani SBRIs in Karachi, Pakistan ........................................................................................................4 2.2 INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS AND THEIR GUIDELINES.............................................. 5 2.2.1Basel Convention..............................................................................................................................................5 2.2.2 Hong Kong Convention (HKC)..................................................................................................................6 2.3 SAFETY AND SECURITY OF THE WORKERS .......................................................................... 6 2.3.1 Workers Condition at Ship Breaking and Recycling Yards in Bangladesh.............................7 2.3.2 Understanding of Workers Safety and Security in Pakistan SBRIs............................................8 2.3.3 Analysis of Safety and Security Condition of Workers in Indian SBRIs...................................8 2.4 IMPACTS OF SBRIs ON COASTAL REGION.............................................................................. 9 2.5 COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT...............................................................................................10 2.5.1 Issues and Gaps in Bangladesh..............................................................................................................10 2.5.2 Issues and Gaps, India ...............................................................................................................................11 2.5.3 Issues and Gaps, Pakistan........................................................................................................................11 CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH METHODS FOR DATA COLLECTION..................................... 11 3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN.......................................................................................................................11 3.2 RESEARCH SCOPE.........................................................................................................................12 3.3 SAMPLING STRATEGY.................................................................................................................12 3.3.1 Target Population.........................................................................................................................................12 3.3.2 Sampling Frame............................................................................................................................................12 3.3.3 Sampling Methods........................................................................................................................................12 3.4 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION..........................................................................................13 3.5 METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS................................................................................................13 CHAPTER 4. DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS ................................................................. 13 4.1 BACKGROUND OF RESPONDENTS (WORK FORCE)..........................................................13 4.2 LIVING CONDITION......................................................................................................................15 4.3 WAGES, SOCIAL BENEFITS AND COMPENSATION.............................................................16 4.3.1 Wages and social benefits.........................................................................................................................16 4.3.2 Compensation and social benefits.........................................................................................................17 4.4 PERSONNEL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS (PPE’s)..............................................................17 4.5 INJURIES AND CASUALTIES. .....................................................................................................18
- 7. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 vi 4.6 TRAINING AND AWARNESS ......................................................................................................19 4.7 HONG KONG CONVENTION (HKC) ..........................................................................................20 4.7.1 Recommendation for stakeholders towards Sustainable SBRIs................................................20 4.7.2 Indicators for Assistance Intervention for Strategies and Action. ...........................................21 CHAPTER 5. IMPLICATION AND CONCLUSIONS ............................................................. 22 5.1 IMPLCATIONS AND DISCUSSIONS...........................................................................................22 5.2 Limitation of the study...............................................................................................................22 5.3 Recommendation for future study ........................................................................................22 REFERENCES............................................................................................................................... 24 APPENDIX 1. INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR SBRIs........................................... 30 1.1 BASEL CONVENTION ...................................................................................................................30 1.2 INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION (ILO) ............................................................30 1.3 HONG KONG CONVENTION .......................................................................................................30 1.3.1 Chapters of HKC ..........................................................................................................................................31 2. QUESTIONNAIRE .................................................................................................................. 32 3. SUPPORTIVE EXCEL SHEETS............................................................................................ 33 3.1 Bangladesh SBRIs survey..........................................................................................................33 3.2 India SBRIs surveys.....................................................................................................................34 4. EVIDENCE OF THE FACT .................................................................................................... 35 The NGO Shipbreaking Platform Secretariat............................................................................35 The NGO Shipbreaking Platform, Bangladesh..........................................................................35 Ship Recycling Industries Association (SRIA)...........................................................................36
- 8. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure1.Shows the top five ship recycling in the world……………………….…………..2 Figure 2.Shows the impact of SBRIs on coastal and nearby Societies…............................10 Figure 3.Shown in figure 3 outlines the Strategic plan for Action for the Implementation of HKC……………………………………………………….. 30
- 9. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Shows the age of respondents…………………………………………………....13 Table 2. Shows the length of working hour in percentage………………………………...14 Table 3. Shows the work contract type………………………………………………...….14 Table 4. Shows the quality of sanitation and housing provided to workers……………….15 Table 5. Shows the condition of drinking water supply…………………………………...15 Table 6. Shows in percentage, the way wages are paid in these countries……………......16 Table 7. Shows the percentage of PPE’s provided to the workers……………………...…17 Table 8. Shows the typical injuries in the yard……………………………………………17 Table 9. Shows the percentage of emergency response provided on time………………...18 Table 10 shows the percentage of people have knowledge about hazardous work…….....18 Table 11. Shows the percentage of training provided……………………………………..19 Table 12. HKC chapters proposed by respondents……………………………………..…19
- 10. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 ix ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS BEPA Baluchistan Environmental Protection Agency ESM Environmentally Sound Management GMB Gujarat Maritime Board HKC Hong Kong Convention HW Hazardous Wastes ILO International Labor Organization MARPOL Marine Pollution MEPC Marine Environment Protection Committee NGO Non –Government Organization NHRC National Human Right Commission ODS Ozone Depletion Substances OHS Occupational, Health and Safety PAH Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PCB Polychlorinated Biphenyl PHRC Pakistan Human Rights Commission PPE Personnel Protective Equipment PSBA Pakistan Ship Breakers Association PVCN Polyvinyl Chloride SBRIs Shipbreaking and Recycling Industries SRF Ship Recycling Facilities SRFP Ship Recycling Facilities Plan TBT Tributyltin UNEP United Nation Environment Program USD United State Dollar YPSA Young Power in Social Action
- 11. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 x GLOSSARY Basel Convention The convention on the control of transboundary movements of Hazardous Wastes and their disposal. Demolition The process of creaking down the ships part for scrap and recycling. Environmentally Sound management Referring to the Basel convention guidelines Hong Kong Convention International convention for safe and environmentally sound recycling of ships. Inventory of Hazardous Materials Lists prepared by ship owners of all hazardous substances on ship. International Labor Organization International convention for safety and security of workers. MARPOL International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships, 1978. Marine Environment Protection Committee Senior members of IMO for marine related pollution matters. Ship Breaking and Recycling Industry An industry that converts dead ship into recyclable items such as steel and furniture.
- 12. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Sea going vessels have a normal life span of 25 to 30 years after which any repair or maintenance becomes uneconomical. These vessels are then sold and handover to the highest bidder in the commercial SBRIs (Gwin 2014). The ship breaking industry in these countries has been under pressure because of alleged abuse of the environment and occupational health hazards. SBRIs is considered as 'green industry' to a certain extent, however vessels contain numerous perilous substances which, if not took care of viably and effectively, can prompt ecological and wellbeing debacle (Hougee 2013). However, according to the NGO Shipbreaking Platform shipbreaking and beaching is not green (NGO 2015, p.3). It is seen as a contaminating industry that has antagonistic consequences for the biological community and human lives, especially the workers. Requirement of regulations in the SBRIs is powerless, particularly in Pakistan, India and Bangladesh due to their legislation and jurisdiction. SBRIs activities is associated with filthy employments, various fatal accidents, unreliable work, environmental injustice, and infringement of human rights. The average life span of South Asian workers are alarmingly low due to exposure of contaminated and intoxicated working environments (NGO 2015). However, despite these issues, SBRIs is essential as a monetary movement for creating nations, development of jobs and accessibility of assets, particularly steel (Sarraf et al. 2010; Kumar 2011). "It is a filthy business, no one wants to manage the expenses for green recycling and that is the merciless truth". Without a doubt, most of the ships proprietors will dependably decide for the top dollar choice when offering a ship for disassembling (Mikelis 2012). The International Metalworkers Federations now rates SBRIs as one of the world’s most dangerous occupations (Galley 2014, p.6). This case study endeavors to comprehend the present circumstance of the SBRIs, particularly with respect to advancements in the business situation, and its natural and occupational health hazards. Despite national and worldwide consideration on the issues, problems associated with SBRIs still continues (Hougee 2013). The volume of hazardous materials handled in SBRIs has increased after the significant implementation of International Maritime
- 13. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 2 Organization regulations for the phased out of single hull vessels (Sarraf et al. 2010; World Bank 2010). Figure 1 shows the top five SBRIs nation in the world. 1.2 RESEARCH PROBLEM The worldwide shipping industry depends upon the developing nations to scrap their ships, therefore SBRIs and ship owners avoids the burden of complying with international conventions for the management of HW (NGO 2015). SBRIs have recorded many work related injuries and fatalities over the years. Insufficient infrastructure and poor Environment Safety Management system has dragged down the development of SBRIs in developing nations (Rousmaniere & Raj 2007, p.359). In 2012, approximately 875 vessels were scrapped in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan, where illegal SBRIs exploit minimal enforcement of EHS rules to maximise profits (NGO 2015). There are many factors that contributes to the problems related to SBRIs such as: Inefficient application of Basel and International Labour Organisation (ILO) convention Contamination of environment due to weak legislation Health and safety of the workers over-looked Implementation of new legislation takes a long time Source: NGO 2015: Kumar 2011. These countries are the members of ILO and Basel convention but haven’t ratified to HKC due to the requirement of huge financial investment. HKC will require individual nations guarantees that ships flying their flag will be demolished in the nation that are members to the convention (IMO 2015; Sarraf et al. 2010). However, to be competitive in the future and to maintain the nation’s development via recycling industries, these countries have to implement HKC.
- 14. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 3 As mentioned above, it is important to do critical analysis for the effective and efficient implementation of the conventions for the safety of environment and health to be competitive in the future. By undertaking the above, this study will propose a structure to acknowledge the key stakeholders of the SBRIs about ongoing problems. 1.3 RESEARCH PROBLEM 1.4RESEARCH QUESTION The objective of the report can be achieved through critical analysis and answering the following questions throughout the paper. The main task of the case study is to respond the following: Compare the scenario of the trends of SBRIs in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan in the last decade. How efficient are these shipbreaking countries in receiving ships for scrapping in order to control the transboundary movements of HW and their disposal? Evaluate the impacts of shipbreaking industry on the coastal regions of these countries. Assess the requirements for the shipbreaking industry to follow for reducing coastal impacts according to the international conventions such as UNEP (United Nation Environment Program) initiated Basel Convention and IMO initiated HKC. Provide a strategic process to enable Bangladesh, Pakistan and India to comply with newly signed HKC without jeopardizing the future of SBRIs in these countries.
- 15. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 4 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 SBRIs IN BANGLADESH, INDIA AND PAKISTAN. 2.1.1 Sitakund SBRIs in Chittagong, Bangladesh SBRIs in Bangladesh are situated on the 18 kilometer Sitakunda coastline area of Fauzdarhat, north of Chittagong in the Bay of Bengal. It started in 1964 when vessel ‘M D Alpine’ was bought and scrapped by Chittagong steel house (Mamun et al. 2005). However, commercial commencement of Bangladesh SBRIs started in 1974 (YPSA 2012). Due to lack of natural resources, the country’s 80 percent of steel is provided by SBRIs and it also contributes development of industries such as cement and construction materials (Kumar 2011). Within the last decade, Bangladesh has increased its shipbreaking yards to 40, from 26 in 2008. SBRIs employs 50,000 staff directly and 100,000 indirectly in this business. The average pay of workers is $ 3-6 USD per day (YPSA 2012). Due to natural competitive advantage and high demand for steel, it gives Bangladesh the opportunity to be the leader in the ship recycling nation (Gwin 2014). Every year Bangladesh’s scrap yards break almost 150 to 200 ships and it is expected to increase due to phase out of single hull oil tankers (Images 2014). 2.2.2 Alang SBRIs in Gujarat, India. The SBRIs in India is situated in the Bhavnagar district along the coast of Arabian Sea in Gujarat. It was established in 1983 along a 10 kilometer area of sandy shoreline. Since 1983, Alang SBRIs have demolished 6,318 vessels (Sahu 2014). The highest tidal level of 10 meters land, and climatic components make Alang a perfect shipbreaking industry. It has 167 plots and breaking yards of different sizes (Nair 2015). In the past decades, more than 470 workers have died in fire and other accidents (Krishnamoorthy 2006; Sahu 2014). Around 35,000 migrant workers are employed directly for 12 hour shift for as little as $6 USD a day who works on land and $7 USD who works on ships (Gaikwad 2014; Sahu 2014). 2.2.3 Gadani SBRIs in Karachi, Pakistan Pakistan SBRIs is the fourth largest recycling nation located in Gadani around 50 kilometre north-west of Karachi (Gwin, 2014; YPSA 2012). It has a 10 kilometre coastline along the Arabian Sea with 68 operational plots for demolishing of vessels (Iqbal & Heidegger 2013; YPSA 2012). From 1960s to 1970s it was the top nation for SBRIs but it started decelerating in the late 1980s when the government raised the taxation and import duties of the country (Kumar 2011). However, since 2001 the taxation and import duties
- 16. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 5 have cut down to 10 percent from 15 percent. Growth has been noticeable with a record of 107 ships scrapped between 2009-2010 budgetary years (YPSA 2012). SBRIs employs 12,000 to 15,000 workers directly and indirectly for overall operations related to SBRIs (Iqbal & Heidegger 2013). Standing working hours are 14 hours or more a day without overtime allowance with as little as $4 USD per day (MILLER 2013; Iqbal & Heidegger 2013). The Pakistan Ship Breakers Association (PSBA) is the main organisation in the SBRIs, formed in 1979 (Sarraf et al. 2010). 2.2 INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS AND THEIR GUIDELINES 2.2.1Basel Convention The main goals of the convention are to: Effectively execute parties and commitments on transboundary movements of HW. Enhance the Environmentally Sound Management (ESM) of hazardous and other wastes. Promote the ESM for sustainable development. Source: Basel 2015. The main objectives are to: Minimize the generation of hazardous and other waste through combating the illegal traffic and by recording information of such exports and/or imports. Minimise the hazardous and other waste generation at source or near to the source in an ESM way. Create capacity by integrating waste management issues into national sustainable development. Source: Basel 2015. Parties of the Basel convention should have appropriate national regulatory framework to implement and enforce the particular (Basel 2015). However, by not having the international recommended standard for ESM system and allowing the state to decide its implementation according to their legislation, develops the ESM gaps. To fill these gaps and issues Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) came up with Hong Kong Convention.
- 17. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 6 2.2.2 Hong Kong Convention (HKC) HKC regulations covers the design, construction, operation and preparation to facilitate environmentally sound recycling without neglecting the sustainable development (Watkinson 2012). It establishes an appropriate mechanism for ships recycling including certification and reporting requirements. It will ensure that ships proceeding for recycling have accurate inventory for the hazardous and other wastes. Before entering the scrap yard, ships will go through the verification of inventory list of hazardous and other wastes; renewal surveys certificates and a final survey before recycling (IMO 2015; Watkinson 2012). HKC will ensure that recycling yard have ‘ship recycling plan’ for particular type of ships enlisting the way of recycling according to its inventory. States that are party to this convention should establish a mechanism for ensuring that Ship Recycling Facilities (SRF) comply with HKC and must designate competent authorities for communication to relevant entities (Watkinson 2012). Ship recycling itself have to comply with a number of requirements for effective and efficient implementation, such as SRF will be valid for a time period of 5 years under a particular party shall demolish the ship which complies with the convention and/or meet its requirements and develop Ship Recycling Facilities Plan (SRFP). SRFP must cover safety of health and environment, roles and responsibilities of personnel, contingency and emergency preparedness plan, and system for monitoring, record keeping and reporting (IMO 2015; Watkinson 2012). 2.3 SAFETY AND SECURITY OF THE WORKERS Few studies have been conducted on the safety and security of the workers in ship recycling yards in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Workers demolish the outdated vessels with no security from blasts, invasion of asbestos, overwhelming metals, oil deposits, TBT, PCBs, or a mixed solutions of lethal chemicals contained in the vessels (NGO 2015). The vast majority of the laborers are not aware of the ships borne toxic substances and their effects on wellbeing and through this way they proceed with work with no defensive measures (Hound 2015). However, being exposed to unhealthy environment and terrific condition is part of their job. In addition to the dangerous from HW, the workers are at risk from: Fire and explosions Falling objects Falling from tall heights
- 18. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 7 Oxygen deficiency in confined spaces Biological chemical hazards Long working hours with burden of insecure employment Poverty Low wages Inadequate housing and sanitation Inadequate accident prevention and inspection procedures Poor compensation process Improper death record due to illegal contract Inadequate facilities for drinking water Source: Galley 2014, p.1-3; Das et al. 2005, p.149-150; NGO 2015 The SBRIs in these countries do not have minimum international standard of safety and security for the workers according to the standard Basel and ILO. This causes one death a week and at least one accident per day (NGO 2015). The workers are inclined to illnesses such as lung and chest infections, tuberculosis, diarrhoea, malaria, intestinal sickness, cholera, and common fevers (Kumar 2011). Corruption in these countries are one of the major problems that support the ship breakers in exploiting rules and regulations (Sahu 2014). 2.3.1 Workers Condition at Ship Breaking and Recycling Yards in Bangladesh The workers in Chittagong SBRIs have to work hard for a long period of time. One of the workers (Massood) illustrates that ‘The work is tough, the heat burns and there is no shade in sight’ (Jansen 2014). The work consists of day and night shifts with approximately 10 to 15 hours of work every day excluding public holidays (Chowdhury 2013; Sarraf et al. 2010). According to Bangladesh NGO (2015), estimation of 20 percent of workers is under 15 years of age. Ship breaking yards claims to have all the necessary equipment on site, however workers don’t get proper safety gears and are forced to work with inadequate PPE (Jansen 2014). According to Department of Occupational and Environmental Health in Bangladesh, Dr Biswajit Roy illustrates that 88 percent of workers suffered from minor injuries to major accidents while working in scrap yards (Sarraf et al. 2010). Indeed, the shipbreaking platform executive director Patrizia Heidegger stated that 2 workers have died and 10 got injured between 25th August to 25th September 2015 due to lack of safety and proper equipment provided (World Maritime News 2015). Facilities for workers are lacking including accident compensation, sufficient portable waters and sanitation
- 19. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 8 (Chowdhury 2013). Safety and security for the workers are continuously overlooked (NGO 2015). 2.3.2 Understanding of Workers Safety and Security in Pakistan SBRIs. SBRIs in Pakistan works similarly to Bangladesh but when compared critically in safety and security, Pakistan tries to implement some basic requirements through the help of labor union. Ship breaking labor union successfully helps increase the wages by 40 percent, improve the medical facilities and working conditions (Iqbal & Heidegger 2013). First aid is provided to the workers on site and PPE is mandatory (Sarraf et al. 2010). However, according to Pakistan Ship Breaking Association (PBSA) the situation related to the infrastructure has not changed in the past 30 years (Bomhauer-Beins 2014). There are no supply of drinking water or continuous supply of electricity which possess a threat to the workers while working inside the ship (Iqbal & Heidegger 2013). However, workers receive drinking water from tanks, which are said not pure. Lack of proper protective gear increases the risk of direct contact to toxic and hazardous substances and severe burning due to gas cutting equipments (Bomhauer-Beins 2014). Workers’ families rarely receive compensation on the occurrence of death and major injuries but don’t receive any in the case of minor accidents. According to the Pakistan Human Rights Commission (PHRC), Occupational, Health and Safety (OHS) are abused due to lack of awareness in labour laws among judges and magistrates in the court (Iqbal & Heidegger 2013). 2.3.3 Analysis of Safety and Security Condition of Workers in Indian SBRIs. Most of the workers are given PPE, however practice and enforcement are not powerful enough to implement it effectively and efficiently. The cause of accidents and injuries are due to fire, explosions, falling of objects and workers slipping due to oil leakage (Kumar 2011). Adequate safety training and PPE such as masks, gloves and boots are not provided which leaves workers having direct contact to hazardous and toxic substances (NGO 2015). Since 2003, Gujarat Maritime Board (GMB) have made training compulsory for all workers (Gujarat Maritime Board 2015), however workers said the time allocated is too short to understand complex issues related to HW or to handle any emergencies (Menon 2014). According to National Human Right Commission (NHRC), recycling yards have poor enforcement of safety regulations and inadequate health facilities. Injured workers ought to wait for hours for the ambulance to get to city hospital in Bhavnagar, which is approximately 50 kilometres away (Menon 2014). Inadequate facilities for drinking water, sanitation and electricity make workers’ life unhappy. According to local Red Cross hospital, more than 100 workers are treated every day and 15 out of 94 of them showed the
- 20. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 9 disease caused by asbestos (NGO 2015). Trade union helps workers to address their issues regarding compensation, workers demand and safety and filing complaint against any violation (Sahu 2014). However, many workers fears to do so as they may lose their jobs (NGO 2015). 2.4 IMPACTS OF SBRIs ON COASTAL REGION Green recycling and practices is currently a niche market that is expected to grow along with the convention (Galley 2014, p.8). The ship scrapping activity causes a considerable coastal marine pollution in the surrounding area. The dead ship entering into the coastal region carries hazardous and other wastes, which has created oil spilling, heavy metal pollution and other microbiological contamination in the region (Das et al. 2005, p.149- 150). Dead ships for demolishing are ‘floating Dustbins’, which brings hazardous and other waste such as: Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB): from oily liquids. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH): incomplete burning of oil. Tributyltin (TBT): from anti- fouling paints. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC): from pipes and plastic medicinal device Tin: commonly used with steel in construction. Lead: from lead glasses. Cadmium: from coating of steel metal. Chromium: from coating of steel metal. Mercury: thermometer, electrical switches, level switches and light fittings. Asbestos: used commonly for thermal insulations. Heavy metals and various other substances such as sulphuric acid, halogens, and ozone depletion substance (ODS). Source: NGO 2015; Kumar 2011; Sarraf et al. 2010; Fidh 2002. Toxic wastes mentioned above have increased the PH level of surrounding seawater and soil (NGO 2015). Due to poor MARPOL reception facilities, HW is dumped on the spot, which deeply contaminated the sand, sediments and also its surroundings with the change in currents and tides. It results in loss of aquatic species and livelihood for fisherman and also illegal cutting of trees and forest to expand yards results in global warming (NGO 2015).
- 21. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 10 Figure 2. Shows the impact of SBRIs on coastal and nearby societies. 2.5 COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT Compliance gaps between the existing practices and the standard requirements for HKC will be illustrated between these countries. The aim is to acknowledge the stakeholders (government, shipbreakers, society and workers) for the implementation of the international convention for the safe and environmentally sound recycling of ships in these countries. Information on issues and gaps are limited due to very few studies done on this topic. 2.5.1 Issues and Gaps in Bangladesh SBRIs are not yet recognized as formal industry due to little enforcement of rules and regulations. Due to unofficial status of industry, Department of Labor Law is ineffectively applied (Sarraf et al. 2010). However, politicians and decision makers try to enforce rules and regulations but corruption makes it difficult (YPSA 2012). In summary from the case study, the compliance gap with the HKC are:
- 22. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 11 2.5.2 Issues and Gaps in India The Ship Recycling Industries Association in India discuss the major issues related to ship breaking and works out plan and strategy for ship recyclers, however it overlooks the workers’ rights and living conditions (Sahu 2014, p.56). Indeed, the compliance gaps are the same as Bangladesh, as shown in 2.5.1. 2.5.3 Issues and Gaps in Pakistan No objection certificate is required which is issued by Baluchistan Environmental Protection Agency (BEPA) before the beaching commence but due to improper enforcement of environmental laws certificates gets issued on fees (Sarraf et al. 2010). However, compliance gaps are the same as Bangladesh, shown in 2.5.1. CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH METHODS FOR DATA COLLECTION This report is based on a number of previous theoretical and practical studies as well as the current updated data from local and international news, NGO and call interviews. 3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN Leedy and Ormrod (2005), illustrates that just qualitative approach does not allow researchers to find out the cause-effect relationships answering like ‘what cause that’ and ‘why such-and-such happen’, which qualitative approach does. Therefore, this research method is based on the mixing of qualitative and quantitative methods, which is so called mixed or triangulation method (Woodside 2010, p.33). Mixed method studies helps to approach the weakness mutually (Reiter, Bruce & Stewart 2010). Firstly, the report will focus on quantitative pattern as one of the main approaches then it will afloat with qualitative method to deepen the research meaning (Leedy & Ormrod 2005), in depth and in detail (Patton 2002). In relation to quantitative method, the findings will be presented in
- 23. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 12 graphs, statistics comparison and tables in order compare the descriptive research (Reiter, Bruce & Stewart 2010). These approaches will be used to explore the correlations between multiples phenomenon in SBRIs with how and what question in a theoretical perspectives. 3.2 RESEARCH SCOPE SBRIs consist of many stakeholders such as shipbreakers, contractors, workers, government and villagers. The research scope will cover the safety and security of the workers because they are the key for running this business. While doing this, variables from stakeholder’s contribution to SBRIs development will be used to explore the ongoing issues. This approach is selected because a number of recorded and unrecorded death and casualties happens every now and then. Lastly, it will provide a plan of action to comply with newly signed HKC. Ship owners due diligence are not under this scope of study. 3.3 SAMPLING STRATEGY 3.3.1 Target Population As mentioned in the research scope, target population will be workers in SBRIs no matters the types of different work and ranks. 3.3.2 Sampling Frame The sampling frame is selected from the NGOs of Bangladesh and India. It was not possible to get in touch with Pakistan’s NGO’s therefore only secondary source has been used for the country’s data analysis. Previous studies and Internet will be used as secondary sources to collect and analyze the data for Pakistan due to unsuccessful contact to workers or NGOs. Sampling frame has been selected as NGO because it is difficult to contact required groups of workers directly which are of 10 people from each country without registered contact details. However, it was easier to contact NGOs as their contact details are provided on the Internet. 3.3.3 Sampling Methods This research aims to survey around 10 workers from each country. Non-probability sampling will be used in this research as the data from each workers can’t be achieved due to location and time frame issues. However, probability data will also be used as interview for 8 workers, which is possible. The questionnaire will be given to NGOs of these countries to carry out random surveys. This strategy is more accurate as NGOs will choose suitable individuals to undertake the questionnaires and provide effective answers to accomplish purposive sampling (Ziethaml & Berry 2001). However, I will also carry out
- 24. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 13 direct phone interviews with 8 workers from selected countries. The advantage of this is inexpensive, simple, and cost-effective and can be achieved with fewer staff (Ranieri 2014). 3.4 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION To arrange broad and multifaceted data collection, both primary and secondary data will be complied together. For the transparency of working environments and conditions of the workers, the questionnaire will be emailed to the NGOs of these countries as stated in sampling frame. The contact details for the phone interviews I will be conducting directly with workers were provided by NGOs. The questionnaire will gather both quantitative and qualitative data. It requests to do self-assessment through describing and evaluating in regards to quality measurement for qualitative records, while other questions are a rating scale for quantitative records. Secondary data will be added to enhance the current situation by comparing to the past. 3.5 METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS Data analysis is based upon the results obtained through the questionnaire. Subjective and objective data are compared from the questionnaire to find out the correlations between them. The status of workers’ safety and security will be related to the facilities and shown in a table, pie charts and bar charts. Some data will be presented from the secondary source and will be analyzed on the current basis. Comparing and contrasting type of data analysis will not only present the ongoing issues but also develop the strategies and plan for future improvements, in a sustainable manner. Furthermore, the knowledge gained from literature review and data analysis research will be able to provide further strategies for sustainable development. CHAPTER 4. DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 4.1 BACKGROUND OF RESPONDENTS (WORK FORCE) Three questions have been focused in the first section of the questionnaire to deepen the knowledge on respondents. These questions are age, duration of working hours, decision on the job, legal contractual job and categories of contract types. The questionnaire can be found in appendixes 2 and the fill in excel sheet in appendix 3 to show the respondents’ opinion.
- 25. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 14 Table 1. Age of respondents Table 1 shows that majority of respondents are between 18 to 25 years, which means they are new to the workforce. However, NGO Shipbreaking Platform (2015) states that most of the workers started working since 14 years old. Table 2. Length of working hours in percentage Bangladesh India Pakistan (Iqbal & Heidegger 2013). Pie charts in Table 2 show that in India and Bangladesh average workers works more than 14 hours per day. However, according to the previous case study, Iqbal and Heidegger (2013) states that 84% of the workers in Pakistan works 8 hours a day. According to the interview, recent respondents from Bangladesh and India stated that working hour starts at 7 am (+/-1 hour depending on the work) and ends at 8 pm (+/-1 hour depending on work).
- 26. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 15 Table 3. Work contract type. According to the interview and Table 3, it shows that maximum contract is on daily basis. However, some are in 3 months or more because to break a ship it takes around 3 months or more and also retaining experience workers helps shipbreakers to have control over workers. The common group of workers are loaders, unloaders, cutters, crane operators, hammer group, wire group, and foremen. Daily contract falls in week category to claim compensation or social benefits. However workers having 3 months or more contracts get compensation depending on the owner whether he is a good person on humanitarian basis. 4.2 LIVING CONDITIONS The quality of living conditions in shipyards has been floated into two sections. Table 4. Quality of sanitation and housing provided to workers Bangladesh India Pakistan (Iqbal & Heidegger 2013). Table 4 shows the current situation of sanitation of housing in Bangladesh and India. However, in Pakistan it is considered that the conditions have not changed since the case study was published in October 2013. Indeed, the research that has been conducted so far is more likely to be the same regarding workers’ status. During the interview none of the respondents answer in satisfactory therefore the conditions would need to be improved.
- 27. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 16 Table 5. Conditions of drinking water supply Bangladesh India Pakistan (Iqbal & Heidegger 2013). Table 5 shows that water supply is not close to a satisfactory level. However, the respondent said it also depends on the place of work. When they are working on or inside the ship the water supply is extremely low throughout the year in that location as most responses in the questionnaire was ‘not at all’. 4.3 WAGES, SOCIAL BENEFITS AND COMPENSATION This part has two sections related to wages and compensation. Due to the imbalance between population and jobs, workers are ready to work for any types of jobs with any amount of pay. This resulted an advantage for the owner’s of yards to threaten the workers and taking their rights away. 4.3.1 Wages and social benefits Table 6. Wages paid in these countries, in percentage Bangladesh India Pakistan (Iqbal & Heidegger 2013).
- 28. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 17 Table 6 shows the wages given to workers in these countries are nearly always not on time therefore the satisfactory level remains under expectation. 4.3.2 Compensation and social benefits Through the interview it was stated clear that receiving wages on time was a surprise to them. Therefore getting social benefits was far from hope for them as there are no valid contracts between workers and the shipbreakers. The response was negative (100%) in Bangladesh, however India workers were supported with 20% wages on time. According to Iqbal & Heidegger (2013), illustrates that 88% of the workers get compensation in case of injury/ death in Pakistan. 4.4 PERSONNEL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS (PPE’s) PPE’s are barely used in developing countries. Shoes, helmets and goggles are occasionally given to workers who first joined the workforce. Sometimes due to heat, workers avoid wearing the PPEs due to respiratory problems and yard operators do not encourage them to wear it. However, in India the workers claimed that they have to wear it when a random safety inspection occurs. Table 7. Percentage of PPE’s provided to the workers Bangladesh India Pakistan (Iqbal & Heidegger 2013). Pie charts in Table 7 shows that the practice of wearing PPEs is poor which might be the main reason of one injury on average per day in these countries. The conditions of the yard are very poor (100%) according to the respondents in Bangladesh. However, condition of yards in India and Pakistan are slightly better due to strong hold of sand on the beach whereas Bangladesh’s yards are muddier.
- 29. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 18 4.5 INJURIES AND CASUALTIES. As mentioned above, the causes of injuries and casualties occurrences are due to inadequate PPE’s provided. Some respondent added that human error is also the cause of these accidents. Table 8. Common injuries in the yard Bangladesh India Pakistan (Iqbal & Heidegger 2013). Table 8 shows that the common injuries are broken bones and hit by objects which more or less due to inadequate PPEs and human error. In Bangladesh and India, the Y-axis shows the number of people through interviews who are affected by the common injuries, whereas Pakistan shows a secondary data collection. Record keeping of deaths and injuries are poorly maintained in these countries. The surveys showed 20% positive for record keeping in Bangladesh, 60% positive in India and just 5% in Pakistan in death and injury record keeping. Table 9. Percentage of emergency response provided on time Bangladesh India Pakistan (Iqbal & Heidegger 2013).
- 30. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 19 According to the pie charts in Table 9, the emergency response is poor in Bangladesh and India compared to Pakistan, due to insufficient management on SRFP and infrastructure. 4.6 TRAINING AND AWARNESS The surveys show that most of the accidents happened to young workers. There are no training centers in these countries other than India. Table 10. Percentage of people who have knowledge about hazardous work Bangladesh India Pakistan (Iqbal & Heidegger 2013). The results in Table 10 are similar throughout all countries. This solely depends on the quantity and quality of the safety training provided for the workers. Table 11. Percentage of training provided Bangladesh India Pakistan
- 31. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 20 According to the pie charts, training has been provided more in India compared to Bangladesh and Pakistan, however due to lack of efficiency in the training results in accidents. The result shows that the lack of training, resources, PPE’s, Infrastructure and improper living conditions is directly proportional to the number of deaths and injuries. However, the percentage human error increases when the system and environment are not safe. 4.7 HONG KONG CONVENTION (HKC) With the theoretical knowledge of chapters in HKC as mentioned in section 2.2.2, table 11 shows the importance of chapters according to respondents’ opinion in regards to safety and security. Table 12. HKC chapters proposed by respondents Bangladesh India Pakistan One of the limitations* *According to Iqbal & Heidegger (2013) and NGO annual reports, it illustrates that requirements for Pakistan would be the same as Bangladesh and India. It is more likely that majority will vote for chapter 3 implication first. 4.7.1 Recommendations for stakeholders towards Sustainable SBRIs As a primary step, regulations for ship breaking and recycling should become national laws. After adopting HKC, there is need to designate a competent authority that will inspect and authorize the Ship Recycling Facilities (SRF). Summary of the convention has been explained in section 2.2.2. HKC convention has 25 regulations which are divided into four chapters. These are explained in Appendix 1.
- 32. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 21 Source: Mikelis 2010. 4.7.2 Indicators for Assistance Intervention for Strategies and Action The activities in the HKC are identified as improvements in the SBRIs conditions. Implementation and standard for HKC comes under the following headings: 4.7.2.1 Building Institutional Capacity Promoting implementation of HKC through assisting government department. Promoting funding and technical assistance to the designated competent authorities. Provide proper equipments and training to workers related to confined space entry, safe for hot work and to develop competent personnel. 4.7.2.2 Supporting Infrastructure Develop a high tech laboratory for environment monitoring through technical and funding assistance. Develop a waste reception facilities for disposal of hazardous and other waste through technical assistance and funding. 4.7.2.3 Facilities Development High-tech assistance and funding to: Prevent environmental pollution through cost effective ways. Run permanent and adequate training centres which can be easily understood and train competent personnel which will assist to maintain SRF management plan. Increase the mechanism. Establish fire and explosions safety plans. Establish medical facilities in ship breaking and recycling area. Establish a safety model system with contingency plan to prevent health risk of the workers and the people living in the vicinity. Implement guidelines for inspection facilities before beaching commence. Source: NGO 2015; YPSA 2012; Kumar 2011; Sarraf et al. 2010; Mikelis 2010.
- 33. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 22 Application of these assistance intervention while respecting the rules and regulations in HKC can bring these countries to sustainable development. For further strategies and action and the background of conventions please refer to Appendix 1. CHAPTER 5. IMPLICATION AND CONCLUSIONS 5.1 IMPLCATIONS AND DISCUSSIONS This research aimed to study the ship breaking industries in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan and the impacts on surrounding environments and workers health and safety. As observed through the literature review and data analysis of this research, the standard of workers and environments are still in poor conditions. The most significant elements for the present situation is the lack of effective and efficient implementation of the Basel and ILO convention. However, corruption is the root cause which makes workers life hard in this industry. In this respect, the ship breakers exploit the workers’ rights to maximize the profit. Trainings and PPE’s are not adequately provided which increases the accident and deaths. Overlooking the MARPOL reception facilities causes infection and disease to the workers. It is observed that without the implication of HKC, it is difficult to mitigate the ongoing issues. So as to make ship recycling clean and safe globally, all stakeholders incorporating governments, the ship owners and their administration suppliers need to perform their obligation according to HKC. In particular ship breakers must ensure that ships for scrap follow the HKC for hazardous substances. 5.2 Limitation of the study Bias is expected in the survey due to language differences and environments they are working in. I performed the survey while the workers were at work and would have been better if these surveys were undertaken face-to-face. It was difficult to analyze the facts in depth due to long distance travel and unsponsored research. Due to negative surveys done on Pakistan SBRIs it was difficult to analyze the truth and compare all 3 countries’ situation. The data finding analysis on Pakistan SBRIs was done on the study performed by Iqbal & Heidegger (2013) and ongoing online articles. In addition, lab testing for soil containment was not done due to location and unsponsored issues. 5.3 Recommendation for future study In order for better surveys through interview, it would be better to have someone who speaks a common language. It does not only help to achieve better responses but also helps
- 34. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 23 to know the ongoing working environments and living working conditions. Indeed, speaking the local language helps to convince the respondents to get vast knowledge of their current situation. However, I think being physically present in the research area will take the data research to a whole new level. Lastly, it is highly recommended to conduct a research study on strategies for eliminating corruption while strengthening the implementation of HKC in SBRIs.
- 35. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 24 REFERENCES Basel 2015, Parties to the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, UNEP, viewed 14Th October 2015, < http://www.basel.int/Countries/StatusofRatifications/PartiesSignatories/tabid/4499/Default. aspx >. Bomhauer-Beins, L 2014, 'SHIP BREAKING YARDS AT GADANI BEACH: An analysis of the socio-economic dimension of the Pakistani ship breaking industry and the embedding in the global shipping market cycle', viewed 15th October1, < http://www.shipbreakingplatform.org/shipbrea_wp2011/wp- content/uploads/2015/03/Master-thesis-Shipbreaking-yards-at-Gadani-beach-Lars- Bomhauer-Beins.pdf >. Chowdhury, ST 2013, 'Graveyard shift: Dismantling toxic ships in Bangladesh', viewed 14th October, < http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/graveyard-shift- dismantling-toxic-ships-in-bangladesh-8734375.html >. Das, SN, Swamy, YV, Rao, KK & Mishra, VN 2005, Pollution in urban industrial environment, 1 edn, Allied Publishers Private Limited, India, viewed 15th October, < https://books.google.com.au/books?id=- Z5voRIHZ54C&pg=PA149&dq=impact+of+ship+breaking+industry+on+coastal+region &hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=impact%20of%20ship%20breaking%20indus try%20on%20coastal%20region&f=false >. Fidh 2002, where do the "floating dustbins" end up? International Federation for Human Rights, < https://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/bd1112a.pdf >. Gaikwad, R 2014, Corruption and poor law enforcement set death traps for Alang workers, The Hindu, viewed 13th October 2015, < http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other- states/corruption-and-poor-law-enforcement-set-death-traps-for-alang- workers/article6326662.ece >. Galley, M 2014, Shipbreaking: Hazards and Liabilities, 1st edition, Southampton Solent University Hampshire, United Kingdom, viewed 12th October, <
- 36. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 25 https://books.google.com.au/books?id=GMskBAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepa ge&q&f=false >. Gujarat Maritime Board 2015, Ship Recycling Yards, GMB, India, 14th October, < http://www.gmbports.org/ship-recycling-yards#collapse15 >. Gwin, P 2014, The Ship-Breakers, National Geographic, viewed 12th October 2015, < http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2014/05/shipbreakers/gwin-text >. Hound, N 2015, Dirty and Dangerous Shipbreaking International Institute of Marine Surveying, viewed 14th October 2015, < http://iims.org.uk/dirty-and-dangerous- shipbreaking/ Hougee, M 2013, Shades of green in the ship recycling industry, Wageningen University, Netherlands, viewed 12th October 2015, < http://www.shipbreakingplatform.org/shipbrea_wp2011/wp- content/uploads/2013/10/Hougee-2013-Shades-of-green-in-the-shiprecycling-industry.pdf >. Images, G 2014, Workers at Bangladesh’s Chittagong Ship Breaking Yard have one of the world’s deadliest jobs, news.com.au, Australia, 14th October, < http://www.news.com.au/technology/environment/workers-at-bangladeshs-chittagong- ship-breaking-yard-have-one-of-the-worlds-deadliest-jobs/story-e6frflp0-1226894839476 >. IMO 2015, The Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships, by IMO, viewed 14Th October, < http://www.imo.org/en/About/conventions/listofconventions/pages/the-hong-kong- international-convention-for-the-safe-and-environmentally-sound-recycling-of-ships.aspx >. Iqbal, KMJ & Heidegger, P 2013, Pakistan Shipbreaking Outlook: The Way Forward for a Green Ship Recycling Industry –Environmental, Health and Safety Conditions, NGO, viewed 13th October 2015, < http://www.shipbreakingplatform.org/shipbrea_wp2011/wp- content/uploads/2013/10/SDPI-NSP-Pakistan-Position-Paper-For-Printing.pdf >.
- 37. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 26 Jansen, L 2014, Visiting the Deadly Ship-Breaking Yards of Bangladesh, Vice News, viewed 15th October 2015, < https://news.vice.com/article/visiting-the-deadly-ship- breaking-yards-of-bangladesh >. Krishnamoorthy, A 2006, India's Shipbreakers Risk Death at $2.40 a Day as Economy Booms, Bloomberg, viewed 13th October 2005, < http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=ao0a9tcrA_0A >. Kumar, R 2011, SHIP DISMANTLING-A status report on South Asia, Euroconsult Mott MacDonald & WWF-India, viewed 14th August 2015, < http://www.shipbreakingplatform.org/shipbrea_wp2011/wp- content/uploads/2013/07/ship_dismantling_en.pdf >. Leedy, P.D., and Ormrod, J.E. 2005, Practical research: Planning and design, 8th ed., Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, US Mamun, AA, Akther, M, Ali, M, Sumaia, K & Alam, S 2005, Workers in shipbreaking industries: A base line survey of Chittagong (Bangladesh), Young Power in Social Action (YPSA), viewed 13th October 2015, < http://www.shipbreakingbd.info/report/Baseline.pdf >. Menon, M 2014, 'Grim fate for workers in Alang ship-breaking yard', THE HINDU, viewed 14th October, < http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/grim-fate-for- workers-in-alang-shipbreaking-yard/article6182823.ece >. Mikelis, N 2012, TRADEWINDS SHIP RECYCLING FORUM, 13 March 2012 edh, International Maritime Organization, Singapore, 12th October, Marine Pollution Prevention and Ship Recycling Section, < http://www.imo.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/PapersAndArticlesByIMOStaff/Documents/201 2-03-13%20%20Singapore%20Tradewinds%20Ship%20Recycling%20Forum%20- %20Sharin.pdf >. Mikelis, N 2010, 'INTRODUCTION TO THE HONG KONG CONVENTION AND ITS REQUIREMENTS', viewed 16th October, <
- 38. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 27 http://www.imo.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/PapersAndArticlesByIMOStaff/Documents/Intr oduction%20to%20the%20Hong%20Kong%20Convention%20and%20its%20requirement s%20-%20N.%20Mikelis.pdf >. MILLER, D 2013, World's biggest ship graveyard, Daily Mail Australia, viewed 14th October 2015, < http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2324339/Worlds-biggest-ship- graveyard--huge-tankers-cruise-liners-scrapped-shorefront-workers-toil-2-day.html >. Nair, A 2015, A graveyard goes silent, The Indan Express, viewed 18th October 2015, < http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/a-graveyard-goes-silent/ >. NGO 2015, South Asia Quarterly Update, NGO Shipbreaking Platform, viewed 16th October 2015, < http://www.shipbreakingplatform.org/shipbrea_wp2011/wp- content/uploads/2015/01/SOUTHASIAQUARTERLYUPDATE4.pdf >. NGO 2014, Annual report, NGO Shipbreaking Platform, viewed 15th October 2015, < http://www.shipbreakingplatform.org/shipbrea_wp2011/wp- content/uploads/2015/06/NGO-Shipbreaking-Platform-Annual-Report-2014.pdf >. NGO 2015, Problems and Solutions, NGO Shipbreaking Platform, viewed 12th October 2015, < http://www.shipbreakingplatform.org/problems-and-solutions/ >. NGO 2015, why ships are toxic, NGO Shipbreaking Platform, viewed 16th October 2015, < http://www.shipbreakingplatform.org/problems-and-solutions/why-ships-are-toxic/ >. NGO 2015, Environmental Pollution, NGO Shipbreaking Platform, viewed 15th October 2015, < http://www.shipbreakingbd.info/Environment.html >. Patton, M.Q. 2002, Qualitative research and evaluation methods, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, US Ranieri, S 2014, The Complete Collection: Snowball Sampling, Explorable, viewed 17th October, < https://explorable.com/snowball-sampling >.
- 39. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 28 Rousmaniere, P & Raj, N 2007, 'Shipbreaking in the Developing World: Problems and Prospects', 4, vol. 13, pp. 359-368, http://www.shipbreakingplatform.org/shipbrea_wp2011/wp- content/uploads/2012/08/IJOEHRousmaniere.pdf Reiter, S, Bruce, C & Stewart, G 2010, Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches in Cross-cultural Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia, < http://eprints.qut.edu.au/41057/1/41057.pdf >. Sahu, G 2014, Workers of Alang-Sosiya: A Survey of Working Conditions in a Ship- Breaking Yard, 1983-2013, Economic & Political Weekly, viewed 13th October 2015, < http://www.shipbreakingplatform.org/shipbrea_wp2011/wp- content/uploads/2014/12/Workers_of_AlangSosiya_Geetanjoy-Sahu-TISS-2014.pdf >. Saifullah, AsM 2015, 'Occupational Health Hazards of Ship Scrapping Workers at Chittagong Coastal Zone, Bangladesh', Journal of science, pp. 370-381, viewed 15th October, < http://www.researchgate.net/publication/236015280_Occupational_Health_Hazards_of_Sh ip_Scrapping_Workers_at_Chittagong_Coastal_Zone_Bangladesh >. Sarraf, M, Stuer-Lauridsen, F, Dyoulgerov, M, Bloch, R, Wingfield, S & Watkinson, R 2010, SHIP BREAKING AND RECYCLING INDUSTRY IN BANGLADESH AND PAKISTAN, World Bank, viewed 15th August 2015, < http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOUTHASIAEXT/Resources/223546- 1296680097256/Shipbreaking.pdf UNEP 2015, Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, by Peiry, KK, UNEP, viewed 14th October, < http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/bcctmhwd/bcctmhwd.html >. Watkinson, R 2012, Case Study to Develop Models of Compliant Ship Recycling Facilities UNEP, < http://www.basel.int/Portals/4/download.aspx?d=UNEP-CHW-SHIPS-CASES- CompliantShipsRecyclingFacilities-201207.English.pdf >.
- 40. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 29 Woodside, AG 2010, Case Study Research: Theory, Methods and Practice, Emerald, United Kingdom, viewed 16th October, < https://books.google.com.au/books?id=LoYi8jpWIE4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage& q&f=false >. World Maritime News 2015, 'Blast at Bangladeshi Shipbreaking Yard Injures 8 Workers', viewed 19th October, < http://worldmaritimenews.com/archives/170983/blast-at- bangladeshi-shipbreaking-yard-injures-8-workers/ >. YPSA 2012, Overview of Ship breaking in Bangladesh, Young Power in Social Action, viewed 13th October 2005, < http://www.shipbreakingbd.info/overview.html >.
- 41. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 30 APPENDIX 1. INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR SBRIs 1.1 BASEL CONVENTION Basel convention was initiated by UNEP (United Nation Environment Program) for the management of HW on the international environment agenda (UNEP 2015). It was adopted on 22nd March 1989 in Switzerland and came into force on 5th May 1992. There are 183 parties to this convention including India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The framework aims on the Control of Transboundary Movements of HW and their Disposal to protect human health and environment by ensuring and strengthening the environmentally sound management of unsafe and HW (Basel 2015). The framework consists of certain goals and objective which is explained in section 2.2.1. 1.2 INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION (ILO) It is a united nation agency which deals with labour issues in regards to international standards. It sets basic principle and rights at work. It contains conventions which has to be followed and recommendations that serves as non-binding guidelines. It was created in April 1919 by the Labour Commission in France. The area of improvements are as follows: 1.3 HONG KONG CONVENTION It is for the safe and sound recycling of ships and was adopted in May 2009 in a diplomat conference held in Hong Kong, China (IMO 2015). This step was taken by International Maritime Organization (IMO) to develop an effective and efficient solution towards the issues of ship recycling (Watkinson 2012). The objective is to minimise ship recycling
- 42. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 31 issues related to the environment, occupational health and safety in the most effective, efficient and sustainable way. It aims to ensure that ships schedule to recycle do not carry any unnecessary threat to human health and safety of the environment (IMO 2015). The proposed infrastructure as shown in figure 3 outlines the strategic plan for action for the implementation of HKC. Figure 3. Source: Sarraf et al. 2010 1.3.1 Chapters of HKC Chapter 1. General provisions: It is on the control of transboundary movement of HW and their disposal Chapter 2. Requirements for ships: It provides the regulations for new and existing ship to possess an updated list of all Hazardous and other wastes at all time. It also requires a SRP to be prepared by the SRF with surveys and certification.
- 43. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 32 Chapter 3. Requirements for Ship Recycling Facilities: It requires all parties to the convention to construct, design and operate SBRIs in safe and sound environmental way through standard regulations and legislations. It also stress to established management systems, procedures and techniques that do not pose risk to anyone in or near to the surrounding area. Chapter 4. Reporting Requirements: It established a notification procedures concerning the intention of demolishing so that surveys and certification can be arranged. 2. QUESTIONNAIRE The following question where used to know the ongoing issues related to health and safety of the workers. Survey for safety and security for workers in Shipbreaking Yard (Please Highlight as appropriate). 1. The work force Age of respondent…………….…1. Below 18 2. 18-30 3. 30-40 4. 40 and above. Duration of working hours…..1. 8 hours 2. 10 hours 3. 12 hours 4.14 hours or more. Categories of contract……….…1 Daily wages 2 Weekly 3 Monthly 4 3 month or more 2. Living condition Sanitation and housing….…...1 Not at all 2 Poor 3 Satisfactory 4 Excellent Supply of drinking water……..1 Not at all 2 Poor 3 Satisfactory 4 Excellent 4. Wages and social benefits Wages provided on time………..Yes/No Social benefits provided ………..Yes/Yes, with delays/Not at all 5. Compensation Provided for injuries................ Yes/No Provided for disability/death....Yes/No. 6. Personnel protection equipment (PPE). Use of PPE in the yard…………………Yes to some extent/Not at all Willing to use if provided…………….Yes/ No Conditions of the yards…………….… Poor/Satisfactory/Good/Excellent. 7. Injuries and casualties in the yards. Typical injuries in the yard…………….….…Cuts/Burns/Broken bones/Hit by metal objects Record keeping for death or injuries….. Yes/No Emergency responses with medical care provided in case of accident…..Yes, on time/Yes, with delay.
- 44. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 33 8. Training and awareness Knowledge of hazardous work…….….Yes/ No Training on emergency provided…….Yes/ No Sustainable approach HKC chapters….1. General 2. Requirements for ships 3. Requirements for SR 4. Reporting requirements. Respondent Info. (Optional) Researcher Info. Name ………………………… Student: Kartik Tiwari Date: ……………….. Student ID: 216069 Mobile no: ……………………… Contacts: +61413196473, ([email protected]) THANKYOU FOR YOUR TIME AND PATIENCE ‘HAVE A GOOD DAY’ 3. SUPPORTIVE EXCEL SHEETS 3.1 Bangladesh SBRIs surveys BANGLADESH Respondent 1 Respondent 2 Respondent 3 Respondent 4 Respondent 5 The work force Age of the respondent 5 1 2 2 4 Duration of the work 3 4 4 4 3 Categories of contract 4 1 1 1 4 Living conditions Sanitation and housing 2 1 1 1 2 Supply of drinking water 1 1 1 1 2 Wages and social benefits Wages provided on time NO NO NO NO NO Social benefits provided NO NO NO NO NO
- 45. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 34 3.2 India SBRIs surveys India Respondent 1 Respondent 2 Respondent 3 Respondent 4 Respondent 5 The work force Age of the respondent 3 2 2 2 4 Duration of the work 2 4 3 4 2 Categories of contract 3 1 1 1 3 Living condition sanitation and housing 2 2 2 2 2 Supply of drinking water 2 1 2 2 2 Wages and social benefits Wages provided on time NO NO NO NO YES Social benefits provided NO NO NO NO YES Compensation Compensation Provided for injuries NO NO NO NO YES Provided for disability/death YES NO NO NO YES Personnel protection equipment (PPE). Use of PPE in the yard NO NO NO NO YES Willing to use if provided YES YES YES YES YES Conditions of the yards Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Injuries and casualties in the yards Typical injuries in the yard Broken Bone HIT HIT HIT Broken Bone Record keeping for death or injuries NO NO NO NO YES Emergency responses provided ASAP NO NO NO NO YES Training and awareness Knowledge of hazardous work NO NO NO NO YES Training on emergency provided NO NO NO NO YES Sustainable approach (HKC) 3 2 3 2 3
- 46. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 35 Provided for injuries NO NO YES NO YES Provided for disability/death YES YES YES YES YES Personnel protection equipment (PPE). Use of PPE in the yard YES NO NO NO YES Willing to use if provided YES YES YES YES YES Conditions of the yards Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Injuries and casualties in the yards Typical injuries in the yard Broken Bone Broken Bone CUT CUT HIT Record keeping for death or injuries yes yes NO NO YES Emergency responses provided ASAP NO yes NO NO YES Training and awareness Knowledge of hazardous work Yes Yes NO NO YES Training on emergency provided yes NO YES YES YES Sustainable approach (HKC) 3 2 3 2 4 Pakistan SBRIs survey was not possible due to no response from Pakistan’s stakeholders as explained in the research methodology. 4. EVIDENCE OF THE FACT The NGO Shipbreaking Platform Secretariat 1. Patrizia Heidegger (Executive Director) Phone: +32 (0)26094419 Email: [email protected] 2. Nicola Mulinaris (Communications and Legal Advisor) Phone: +32 (0)26094418 Email: [email protected] The NGO Shipbreaking Platform, Bangladesh 1. Muhammed Ali (Shahin) Email: [email protected]
- 47. Transport Research Project ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ID: 216069 Assignment 3 36 Email: [email protected] Ship Recycling Industries Association (SRIA) 1. Bismillah Marine, Bangladesh Phone: +88 (0)1816118110 2. Khusboo India Pvt. Ltd. Phone: +91 (0)8735-950231 Email address which was sent from the NGO Shipbreaking Platform Secretariat can be used for further studies without delays. The mailing and contact details are as follows: Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association (BELA) [email protected] Bangladesh Institute of Labour Studies (BILS) [email protected] The Center for the Rule of Law – Islamabad (CRoLI) Majid Bashir, judgema[email protected] The Corporate Accountability Desk – The Other Media - India Madhumitta Dutta, [email protected] Legal Initiative for Forest and Environment (LIFE) - India Ritwick Dutta, [email protected] The Bangladesh Occupational Safety, Health and Environment Foundation (OSHE) Repon Chowdhury, [email protected] Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI) - Pakistan Sadaf Liaquat, [email protected] Toxics Link - India Satish Sinha, [email protected] Young Power in Social Action (YPSA) - Bangladesh Muhammed Ali Shahin, [email protected]
Compartir tablero de recortes
Tableros de recortes públicos que muestran esta diapositiva, selecciona otro tablero de recortes.
Parece que ya has recortado esta diapositiva en .
¡Acabas de recortar tu primera diapositiva!
Crear un tablero de recortes
Consiga slideshare sin anuncios, oferta especial para lectores de slideshare, solo para ti: prueba exclusiva de 60 días con acceso a la mayor biblioteca digital del mundo..
La familia SlideShare crece. Disfruta de acceso a millones de libros electrónicos, audiolibros, revistas y mucho más de Scribd.
2 recomendaciones
Visualizaciones
¡ha desbloqueado el acceso ilimitado a más de 20 millones de documentos.
Lecturas ilimitadas
Aprenda más rápido y de forma más inteligente con los mejores expertos
Descargas ilimitadas
Descárguelo para aprender sin necesidad de estar conectado y desde cualquier lugar
Acceso instantáneo a millones de libros electrónicos, audiolibros, revistas, podcasts y mucho más.
Lea y escuche sin conexión desde cualquier dispositivo.
Acceso gratis a servicios prémium como TuneIn, Mubi y muchos más.
Ayúdenos a que SlideShare siga siendo gratuito
Parece que tiene un bloqueador de anuncios ejecutándose. Poniendo SlideShare en la lista blanca de su bloqueador de anuncios, está apoyando a nuestra comunidad de creadores de contenidos.
Hemos actualizado nuestra política de privacidad.
Hemos actualizado su política de privacidad para cumplir con las cambiantes normativas de privacidad internacionales y para ofrecerle información sobre las limitadas formas en las que utilizamos sus datos.
Puede leer los detalles a continuación. Al aceptar, usted acepta la política de privacidad actualizada.
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
All six of these projects have concluded and submitted final reports which we will share over the next several months. McClean from North Dakota State University (third from right) and his project team in Guatemala
Final report on Research project supported by TNLA, Research ... Are you sure you want to delete your template?
2. A study on ship breaking Industry in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan for sustainable development (Transport Project Report) Student: Kartik Tiwari Student ID: 216069 Unit Co-ordinator: Dr. Quazi Sakalayen